The MVRV Z-Score equals (Market Cap − Realized Cap) / StdDev(Market Cap). It uses market cap and a realized cap model to assess when BTC is overvalued or undervalued. Historically, Z-Score < 0 has signaled buying opportunities, while Z-Score > 6 has preceded cycle tops. Data: CryptoCompare daily prices with computed realized cap (two-component exponential smoothing model).